Logging machinery

Harvester — felling+delimbing+bucking. Forwarder — extraction. Tractor-mounted crane — cheaper alternative. Chainsaw+skidder — the minimal set.

Stump cost per m³: chainsaw 150–250 UAH, harvester 80–120. Extraction 5–15 UAH/m³/km. Logging is profitable from ~200 UAH/m³ margin.

Chainsaw — 5–15 m³/shift felling. Harvester — 60–150 m³/shift. Forwarder — 10–18 m³ per trip, 4–8 trips/shift by distance.

Heavy machines — on dry soils or in winter. On bogs — tracked or cable systems. Soil damage from tires — fines + compaction.

Felling is forestry's most dangerous job. Danger zone = 2× tree height. PPE: helmet, boots, vest. Faller training mandatory.

A harvester costs 15–30M UAH — pays off from 5000 m³/yr. Below that — a hired crew at 80–150 UAH/m³. Own chainsaw+tractor for <500 m³/yr.