Contracts

• GAFTA

  Standard Grain and Feed Trade Association forms: 48/49 for bulk, 78 for containers — default terms.

• FOB/CIF/EXW

  FOB — seller on board, CIF — with insurance & freight, EXW — from the field; risks and costs differ sharply.

• Force majeure

  Port blockades, export bans — GAFTA standard extends the contract, doesn't cancel it.

• Claims

  Quality/weight — GAFTA arbitration; claim deadlines per contract, discharge lab as evidence.

A GAFTA form is a 'skeleton', not a ready contract: every term in an amendment letter overrides the form. Ukrainian specifics — force majeure and 'corridor' clauses.