Commercial EVs

• TCO formula

  TCO = price − residual + energy + service + insurance − incentives. EV van: energy ~€3/100 km vs ~€12 diesel, service −30–40% (no oil, belts, DPF).

• Route rule

  EV fits if the daily route ≤ 70% of real range with winter (−20–30%) and payload (−10–15%) margins. Depot charging covers 90% of last-mile delivery scenarios.

• Commercial EV classes

  3.5 t vans (Ford E-Transit, Maxus eDeliver, Fiat e-Ducato): 100–230 km real. 7.5–19 t trucks for city and regional runs; semis still pilot-stage.

• Charging logistics

  AC 11–22 kW depot overnight = full battery by morning. En-route DC is backup: 20–80% in 30–45 min, but costs more and adds degradation.

• Incentives and regulation

  Commercial incentives: duty-free EV import to Ukraine, zero-emission zones in EU cities, preferential fleet taxation.

• When EV doesn't fit

  Daily 400+ km intercity without mid-route depot, trailer towing, regions without battery service — keep diesel/hybrid.

A commercial EV pays off through mileage: at 150+ km/day, fuel savings of €6–10/100 km cover the higher price in 3–5 years. The key factor is overnight depot charging — without it, the TCO math breaks.