Agro glossary

No-till — minimal cultivation. Humus — the organic fertility fraction. pH — acidity: 5.5–7 optimum. Structure — soil aggregate size.

Germination — % sprouting. TKW — thousand-kernel weight for seeding rate. F1 hybrid — high-yield, seed doesn't breed true. Elite/reproduction — seed class.

Active ingredient — the chemical base. Application rate — L/ha per label. Pre-harvest interval — days to harvest. Resistance — pest's tolerance to a product.

Yield — t/ha. Moisture — % water in grain (base 14%). Impurity — % foreign matter. Test weight — g/L, grain quality measure.

Margin — income minus direct costs. Cost per tonne — full costs / yield. Forward — a price contract before harvest. Subsidy — state payment per ha/head.

Unit — tractor + implement. Machine-hour — work-time norm. Working width — implement coverage. Field capacity — workable soil moisture window.