Inverters

• Grid-tie

  Works only with the grid, most efficient, cheapest; shuts down during blackouts.

• Hybrid

  Grid + battery + generator: backup and selling; pricier but the only autonomy scheme.

• Off-grid

  Battery only, no selling; for cottages/trips/backup where there's no grid.

• Sizing

  Inverter ≥ peak load; 3-phase for homes >10 kW; DC/AC oversizing to 1.3 is normal for PV.

For Ukraine 2024+ the reality: a hybrid inverter with battery is the only scheme that works in blackouts and sells power. A pure grid-tie without battery is useless during outages.