Bee diseases

• Varroosis

  Varroa mite — the main threat. Monitor via sugar roll/wash → treat with acids (formic, oxalic) by temperature; timing — after harvest and before wintering.

• Nosemosis

  Gut fungus: spring dysentery, weak colony. Prevention — quality feed, dry hives, timely queen replacement.

• American foulbrood

  Paenibacillus spores — quarantine disease. Burn the colony, disinfect equipment; reporting to vet service is mandatory.

• Wax moth

  Larvae eat combs in weak colonies and storage. Strong colonies self-defend; store frames frozen/sulfured.

• Viruses/DWV

  Varroa sequel: deformed wings, flightlessness. The cure is mite control.

Antibiotics are banned in most apiary cases: traces in honey mean batch write-off. Treat only per drug label with a withdrawal period before extraction. Quarantine diseases go to the vet immediately.